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International law is a set of rules that governs the way countries interact with each other, especially in regards to diplomacy and trade. The founding document of international law is the Treaty of Westphalia, which was signed in 1648 at the end of the Thirty Years War. International law is made up of customary or "general" international law, which are norms that are accepted as valid internationally with no need for enactment by treaties; general principles recognized by civilized nations; and conventions adopted by international organizations, such as the United Nations. The oldest surviving treaty with previously unrecognized existence is now recognized as dating from 1189 B.C. It was between the Hittite Empire and the Mittani kingdom. This treaty made provision for treating prisoners of war. The United Nations, being a collection of sovereign states, is not a state in itself but can be said to have rights and obligations under international law through the binding nature of its Charter, resolutions by its General Assembly, decisions by its Security Council and/or International Court of Justice rulings. It has defined the international community as being composed of three parts: sovereign states, international organizations, and individuals. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed in 1947 by 23 nations, which agreed to eliminate trade barriers among them. GATT served as a precursor to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The main function of these organizations is to provide a setting in which governments can negotiate agreements on a wide range of topics. International law is concerned with the way states behave, and treats states as the primary actors. International law distinguishes between sovereign states and non-sovereign entities, but not between entities which are member states of international organizations versus those which are not. Treaties among sovereigns are binding upon them as a matter of solemn obligation, but treaties signed by non-sovereigns lack that character unless they explicitly state so or there exists a general rule of international law recognizing such treaties as being binding on non-signatories. The United Nations Charter, the I.L.O. Charter, and other multilateral treaties supply international law regarding how states should conduct themselves both internally and externally, but this law is only binding on the states that ratify them. The existence of an obligation to behave in a certain way may be recognized by a general principle common to the major legal systems of the world ("jus cogens"), or it may be supported by a treaty which has become binding upon all states whether they have ratified it or not ("leges speciales"). States and their representatives interact via treaties. Treaties may include reciprocal steps that states must take to become bound—known as reciprocity, or they may be unconditional obligations that bind only the parties to the agreement—known as unilaterally binding. Treaties can be further classified according to their subject matter: General agreements are usually not self-executing; they depend upon the parties‘ subsequently incorporating them into law. Usually, such agreements restate custom, or form a part of customary international law. However, some treaties also contain elements of legislation and codification; these are known as "leges speciales". Unilateral declarations might also be called conventions or protocols if they are multilateral in scope. cfa1e77820
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